傳統的倫理學強調,作出公義的道德決定時,必須基於理性、客觀、持平的倫理原則,但過於著重理性和原則往往忽略了人性化的一面。女性主義倫理學或可填補這缺失,因為它強調在作出倫理決定時,在運用理性之餘,必須有感情上的投入,考慮當下的處境;並基於溝通的策略尋求另類的思考方式和解決方法。基於此,在判斷任何倫理行為時,女性主義倫理認為,最重要的是能否表達對人的關懷愛護(care)、以增強人際間的溝通和發展為大前提,亦即是重視對他人的責任和義務,而不是找出「正確」的行為決定。可見,客觀與人性化可同時並存,因為在主觀作出決定前,必須從對方所思所想所做去理解,然後再作判斷。
在經濟全球化的背景下,一切講求競爭 ── 人與人之間的競爭、國與國之間的競爭、企業與企業之間的競爭,而且是基於一己利益的競爭,因此,強調公平、公正、平等的傳統價值似乎是理所當然。但除此之外,建立人際關係的環境亦很重要,因而重視關懷和責任的女性主義倫理亦不容忽視。我們的社會所需要的不應只是多簽幾份合約,或加強在國際市場中的競爭力,而是認真地關懷人的發展和人與人之間的關係,包括男性和女性的不同處境和不同需要,特別是不少女性作為照顧者的需要,以及她們與被照顧者之間的關係。
在十二月世貿會議前夕舉行的一個民間會議中,在綜合了多位女性主義經濟學者的見解後,美國倫理學者布碧嘉(Pamela Brubaker)指出,關懷生命和可持續發展必須成為經濟理論和實踐的起點,這正是女性主義倫理的特色。面對貧窮問題,女性與男性有不一樣的經驗。他/她們在獲取公共服務、擁有資產、安排時間作自我發展和參與公共生活,和維護尊嚴等方面都不同,這歸咎於男女之間權力的不平衡。因此,在分析問題時,必須同時採用數量和質量的資料,以及男女所得的不同對待。例如在分析男女是否獲得良好待遇時,有需要考慮不少女性從事的無酬非市場提供的照顧工作,由於肩負起家庭中的照顧工作,令不少婦女無機會從事有酬工作,以及獲得相應的福利或報酬。布碧嘉指出,有需要採用女性主義角度想像適合女性的良好工作概念,令她們在工作中重獲生命氣息,透過工作獲得尊嚴、安全感、社會保障和合理報酬。
其中一個布碧嘉列舉的例子,是她於二零零三年探訪的危地馬拉婦女合作社計劃。這些婦女因八十年代的內戰和軍事鎮壓而被迫逃離故鄉,聚居在危地馬拉市郊,在志願人士協助下組成婦女合作社,她們所居住的地方稱為「希望」社區。她們發展了醫療和教育項目、嬰兒成長項目、母乳餵哺推廣計劃,和製作手工藝品計劃等。透過出售手工藝品所得的收入,用作支持個別婦女的生活和社區中各項目的支出。這模式提供了另類由婦女帶領的公平和可持續的貿易模式。
此外,在她的著作《全球化:付出什麼代價?》一書中,布碧嘉指出,由於長期浸淫在全球資本主義文化的西方社會中,所有西方國家和人民已習慣了消費、競爭和物質化的霸權主義,局限了人們回應全球性飢餓、貧窮和環境破壞等問題的道德力量。他們不想面對龐大而複雜的問題,亦覺得無力面對這些問題。因此,「否認」和「逃避」成為面對個人和集體不公義的兩大策略,亦同時是兩大障礙。布碧嘉認為這其實是精神上、靈性發展的問題,因為逃避壓抑了動力,而否認則令人與真理割裂,令人懷疑自己對事物的理解,妨礙聆聽他人和世界的需要,以及奪去改變世界的動力。她指出,我們都要為此付出沉重的代價。其實,不少基督徒亦在否認和逃避的習慣中培育出來,他們與社會上不少中上層人士一樣,是尊貴的既得利益一群,認為自己憑一己的力換取今天的成就,所獲得的得來不易,故必須加以維護。在他們眼中,在經濟全球化中競爭失敗的人,是因其能力不足,不能怨天尤人,因而對那些失敗者無動於衷,對他們的抗爭不以為然。
抗衡這種全球化的霸權主義,布碧嘉提出基督徒要培養出一種抵抗式精神,亦是抵抗的靈修(a spirituality of resistance)。 這種精神在我們如何生產、分配和消費等方面尋求徹底的改變;它強調真正的解決方法在於我們重新檢視什麼才是重要、什麼才有益於下一代的看法。我們要重新想像這世界和所居住的地方。這要求我們作出轉化──知識上的轉化、意識上的轉化、價值上的轉化;從個人化和狹窄的社區觀走向包容萬物的世界觀。這種抵抗的精神亦會帶來和平,因為它把那些被否認、逃避、絕望、悲傷或被動地等待的精力釋放出來。當我們的精力與世界上其他抵抗破壞環境殘、害生命的人民的精力連結起來時,我們的精神或靈性生命便能達至高峰。
其實,要抵抗經濟全球化的破壞性和非人化力量,我們必須瞭解它帶來的傷害,而其中一種非人化的表現形式在於它令人麻目,不再與他人與大地感同身受。因此,用心聆聽別人的故事細心瞭解周邊的人和事,可以是一種信仰回應的方式。我們不可再沉溺於別人想像的新自由主義資本主義世界中,而應由自己出發親手建立一個互維關係、互相關愛的新世界,那裡每一個受造的生命都得到尊重,令每一個人得生命而且更加豐盛。這需要我們繼續運用想像去改變現實,而不要被全球化的強大壓力所擊退!
參考資料:
Pamela K. Brubake. “A Feminist Vision of Life Promoting Trade.” Paper presented in International Ecumenical Women’s Forum on Life-Promoting Trade, 12-14 December 2005, YMCA Wu Ka Sha, Hong Kong.
Pamela K. Brubake. Globalization at What Price? Economic Change and Daily Life. Cleveland: The Pilgrim Press, 2001.
(女協通訊 21/2/2006)
The greatest treasures of life are peace of mind, togetherness, relationships and love. ~ Mee-yin Mary Yuen 阮美賢
Saturday, February 25, 2006
你.我.他.她.它和衪的關係……世貿會議帶來的反思
農夫與城市人,耕作與享用大米,自由經濟與公平貿易,財富增長與資源分配……這些看似相關卻又關係疏離的東西,經過去年十二月在香港舉行的一次世貿部長級會議,讓大家有機會較近距離看清楚一點他/它們之間的關係,以及與我們的切身關係。
一直以來,生活在城市中的我們,把很多事情都視作理所當然。當我們吃飯時,少有想到農民的勞苦耕作及其生活境況,更遑論關心農業政策對農作物銷售以至農民生計的影響。當各式各樣的貨品和食物我們都垂手可得時,哪會想到自由貿易原來對不少議價能力低的發展中國家帶來的不是機遇而是壓迫。當整個社會什麼都講求競爭和市場價值時,不少人對汰弱留強、適者生存等原則會欣然接受,又怎會覺得堅持傳統的工作和生活方式對某些人來說是那樣重要,亦少有反省大企業和大國領導的經濟全球化對公平地分配資源是否真的有幫助。
這種心態反映出人與人之間的關係割裂;我們生活在自己的狹小空間中,享受著相對安穩和舒適的生活,而忽略了生活在不同境況的相對貧窮和處於弱勢環境的人,覺得自己與他們沒有什麼關係,又或覺得自己已有很多事要兼顧,無暇關心這些不相干的人,甚或認為自己根本做不了什麼。
其實,全球化並不單單指向物質、資金和資訊的跨國流動和緊密聯繫,根據社會學家羅蘭.羅拔臣(Roland Robertson)的理論,人意識上或主觀上的想法亦是全球化不可或缺的元素,這是指我們對世界、我們自己、我們的國家,以至它們之間的關係的看法。生活在全球化的時代,我們的意識必須超越一己國界,與世界上不同角落的社群建立認同感和連繫。我們是整個人類的一份子,當中發生的事對彼此都產生影響。
這與信仰中所強調的建立人類大家庭關係互相呼應。「人類大家庭」是上主創造世界的原型,由男性和女性組成,按照上主的肖像受造,被賦予管治大地、令所有受造物和諧共存的使命。因此,世上的一切原不屬於個人專有,而是要讓所有人和整個世界受益,所有受造物就像一起生活在一大家庭中,當中蘊含著人與神、人與人,以及人與整個大地的關係。因此,當世上財富分配過度不均,令某些人受苦不能過有尊嚴的生活時,我們每一個基督徒都有責任改變這境況。
同時,因著世界原是一大家庭,生活在香港這城市的我們與生活在韓國的農民或斯里蘭卡的工人或非洲的人民已不再是陌生人,而是有著內在關係的兄弟姊妹。我們的關係可能未至於血濃於水,但至少我們應以關放的態度,站在他們的位置從他們的角度看現況,而不是單以個人利益角度、以旁觀者的態度看待受經濟全球化影響的人。
在福音中,稅吏、妓女、寡婦、病人等不是看似與耶穌亳無關係嗎?為何耶穌要主動接觸他們,並勸勉門徒和追隨者效法他的榜樣?其實,耶穌不只寬恕和治癒他們,更與他們建立關係,以真誠開放的心懷對待他們,視他們為一家人。透過不同的故事和比喻,特別是善心的撒瑪黎雅人和富翁與拉匝碌的故事,耶穌告訴我們,假若我們對看得見的人都不動以憐憫的心,又如何與看不見的上主建立密切關係和表達對上主的愛呢!
世貿會議讓大家上了一課,它不但讓大家對世貿現時所推動的自由貿易和經濟全球化所帶來的影響看真一點看清楚一點,更讓我們有機會重新檢視自己與其他看似遙遠的人的關係、與天主的關係。若你在世貿會議前後不是只被層出不窮的示威活動和港府的「應戰」消息所吸引,而是有意識地進一步瞭解示威背後的原因,眾多從世界各地遠道前來的人的有血有肉經歷,可讓我們加深對問題的瞭解。他們帶著不同的故事,如受食水私有化影響的波利維亞人民、受農藥影響健康的印度農村婦女、受農業協議影響生計的烏干達和巴基斯坦農民等……可讓我們在官方途徑以外,聆聽當事人的聲音,瞭解他們的經驗。當中,南韓農民的各種表達方式絕不是示威方式的一系列表演,而是在強而有力的控訴背後反映了種種辛酸經歷和不屈服於強權的堅毅精神。
這只是一個開始!我們初步認識了世貿政策和經濟全球化的影響,又聽過一些受影響人民的心聲後,是否願意檢視一下自己與上主、與他人及與大地的關係,並培養一種共負責任、分享所有、團結關懷的認同感,在日常生活中實踐這精神,如透過支持公平貿易的消費行為,僱主和僱員之間建立良好合作關係,監察企業對勞工的待遇,結合更多人的力量對抗經濟全球化的無力感和無助感,強調每一個人都可在複雜的全球境況中帶來一點改變。
2006.2
一直以來,生活在城市中的我們,把很多事情都視作理所當然。當我們吃飯時,少有想到農民的勞苦耕作及其生活境況,更遑論關心農業政策對農作物銷售以至農民生計的影響。當各式各樣的貨品和食物我們都垂手可得時,哪會想到自由貿易原來對不少議價能力低的發展中國家帶來的不是機遇而是壓迫。當整個社會什麼都講求競爭和市場價值時,不少人對汰弱留強、適者生存等原則會欣然接受,又怎會覺得堅持傳統的工作和生活方式對某些人來說是那樣重要,亦少有反省大企業和大國領導的經濟全球化對公平地分配資源是否真的有幫助。
這種心態反映出人與人之間的關係割裂;我們生活在自己的狹小空間中,享受著相對安穩和舒適的生活,而忽略了生活在不同境況的相對貧窮和處於弱勢環境的人,覺得自己與他們沒有什麼關係,又或覺得自己已有很多事要兼顧,無暇關心這些不相干的人,甚或認為自己根本做不了什麼。
其實,全球化並不單單指向物質、資金和資訊的跨國流動和緊密聯繫,根據社會學家羅蘭.羅拔臣(Roland Robertson)的理論,人意識上或主觀上的想法亦是全球化不可或缺的元素,這是指我們對世界、我們自己、我們的國家,以至它們之間的關係的看法。生活在全球化的時代,我們的意識必須超越一己國界,與世界上不同角落的社群建立認同感和連繫。我們是整個人類的一份子,當中發生的事對彼此都產生影響。
這與信仰中所強調的建立人類大家庭關係互相呼應。「人類大家庭」是上主創造世界的原型,由男性和女性組成,按照上主的肖像受造,被賦予管治大地、令所有受造物和諧共存的使命。因此,世上的一切原不屬於個人專有,而是要讓所有人和整個世界受益,所有受造物就像一起生活在一大家庭中,當中蘊含著人與神、人與人,以及人與整個大地的關係。因此,當世上財富分配過度不均,令某些人受苦不能過有尊嚴的生活時,我們每一個基督徒都有責任改變這境況。
同時,因著世界原是一大家庭,生活在香港這城市的我們與生活在韓國的農民或斯里蘭卡的工人或非洲的人民已不再是陌生人,而是有著內在關係的兄弟姊妹。我們的關係可能未至於血濃於水,但至少我們應以關放的態度,站在他們的位置從他們的角度看現況,而不是單以個人利益角度、以旁觀者的態度看待受經濟全球化影響的人。
在福音中,稅吏、妓女、寡婦、病人等不是看似與耶穌亳無關係嗎?為何耶穌要主動接觸他們,並勸勉門徒和追隨者效法他的榜樣?其實,耶穌不只寬恕和治癒他們,更與他們建立關係,以真誠開放的心懷對待他們,視他們為一家人。透過不同的故事和比喻,特別是善心的撒瑪黎雅人和富翁與拉匝碌的故事,耶穌告訴我們,假若我們對看得見的人都不動以憐憫的心,又如何與看不見的上主建立密切關係和表達對上主的愛呢!
世貿會議讓大家上了一課,它不但讓大家對世貿現時所推動的自由貿易和經濟全球化所帶來的影響看真一點看清楚一點,更讓我們有機會重新檢視自己與其他看似遙遠的人的關係、與天主的關係。若你在世貿會議前後不是只被層出不窮的示威活動和港府的「應戰」消息所吸引,而是有意識地進一步瞭解示威背後的原因,眾多從世界各地遠道前來的人的有血有肉經歷,可讓我們加深對問題的瞭解。他們帶著不同的故事,如受食水私有化影響的波利維亞人民、受農藥影響健康的印度農村婦女、受農業協議影響生計的烏干達和巴基斯坦農民等……可讓我們在官方途徑以外,聆聽當事人的聲音,瞭解他們的經驗。當中,南韓農民的各種表達方式絕不是示威方式的一系列表演,而是在強而有力的控訴背後反映了種種辛酸經歷和不屈服於強權的堅毅精神。
這只是一個開始!我們初步認識了世貿政策和經濟全球化的影響,又聽過一些受影響人民的心聲後,是否願意檢視一下自己與上主、與他人及與大地的關係,並培養一種共負責任、分享所有、團結關懷的認同感,在日常生活中實踐這精神,如透過支持公平貿易的消費行為,僱主和僱員之間建立良好合作關係,監察企業對勞工的待遇,結合更多人的力量對抗經濟全球化的無力感和無助感,強調每一個人都可在複雜的全球境況中帶來一點改變。
2006.2
Monday, January 16, 2006
世貿會議帶來的道德思考
由漠不關心到初步認識,由視示威者為暴民到同情韓國農民的慘況,由只報導防避世貿的激烈示威到探討世貿為人民造成的壓迫,這些都是世貿會議為部份香港人和傳媒所帶來的一些轉變。
雖然世貿部長級會議已曲終人散,大部份海外抗議世貿人士亦已離港返回老家,但整個過程卻留下甚多值得思考的道德問題,包括世貿大力推動的新自由主義和企業領導的經濟全球化對平民百姓所帶來的後果、會議期間所發生的拘捕事件的合理性和接著的各方反應回響,以及個人消費行為的自主性等。
當中,筆者留意到有關韓農與警方發生衝突後誰對誰錯的討論。有論者謂韓農「衝擊警方」後,市民及民間組織仍偏幫農民,是採取黑白分明的思考角度,打造敵我分明的世界,他們既已站在同情農民的一方,便漠視韓農採取暴力的事實,這是對道德的嚴重扭曲云云。
世上很多事情的確不是非黑即白,而將意見不同的人一律視為敵人更是不可取。這種思考方法缺乏理性和細緻的分析,會自以為掌握一切真理而不容異己,故不應是爭取公義的民間組織或個人所持有的處事態度。
然而,當仔細分析上述論者的論調,其理據亦不見得站得住腳,而且亦墜入片面和二元分析之嫌。
單憑傳媒幾個剪接畫面的報導,既沒有親歷其境,亦沒有進一步求證,這些論者就否定包括韓農在內的大部份示威人士是以和平方式進行示威,更接受警方的單方面解釋,把衝突定性為暴力騷亂,無視在場人士的親身經驗;以片蓋全地泛指韓農攻擊警方,因而把警方向一眾海外及本地示威者(以至禍及在場的記者途人)施以胡椒嘖霧、水炮和催淚彈的行為合理化,以及長時間拘留示威者的適當性。這判斷明顯有偏差。
當事後警方的手法受到民間組織和評論員批評時(當中包括陳日君主教指警方高層決策錯誤是香港之恥),竟有通識教育講師在未瞭解批評者的詳細內容,而指他們把警方視為敵人,無視一些前線警員所受到的傷害,並指他們的道德感已嚴重受扭曲。
當然,前線警員有其難處,其職務使之與示威者處於對立面,他們的處境的確值得同情。然而,相信示威人士和民間組織無意將警方非人化,亦不是持敵我分明的思維模式。陳主教及批評者除了憐憫韓農外,亦有查訪當日在場人士,不是隨便作判斷。或許該講師及其他論者與一般市民一樣,在缺乏求證和批判態度下便單憑傳媒的選擇性報導而被誤導,看不到電視畫面以外示威者所受到的更多不人道和暴力對待;又或甘願選擇性地相信和放大某些現實情境,不願聽取個別在場人士的切身經驗,硬把自己的一套表面上中肯的道德理論加諸在民間組織和批評者身上,並借復和為名掩飾當權者的暴力。
其實,更重要的是查問衝突的根源,若非世貿被強國所控制,而有權力者又漠視人民現實的慘況,韓農和眾多受影響的民眾何苦遠渡重洋來港向世貿決策者表達心聲,現在仍有十多人被迫與家人分離滯港等候應訊。不論世貿或港府的強權無形暴力,都比示威衝突來得更嚴重。面對這情況,我們又會作什麼道德判斷和行動呢?
公教報 15.1.2006
雖然世貿部長級會議已曲終人散,大部份海外抗議世貿人士亦已離港返回老家,但整個過程卻留下甚多值得思考的道德問題,包括世貿大力推動的新自由主義和企業領導的經濟全球化對平民百姓所帶來的後果、會議期間所發生的拘捕事件的合理性和接著的各方反應回響,以及個人消費行為的自主性等。
當中,筆者留意到有關韓農與警方發生衝突後誰對誰錯的討論。有論者謂韓農「衝擊警方」後,市民及民間組織仍偏幫農民,是採取黑白分明的思考角度,打造敵我分明的世界,他們既已站在同情農民的一方,便漠視韓農採取暴力的事實,這是對道德的嚴重扭曲云云。
世上很多事情的確不是非黑即白,而將意見不同的人一律視為敵人更是不可取。這種思考方法缺乏理性和細緻的分析,會自以為掌握一切真理而不容異己,故不應是爭取公義的民間組織或個人所持有的處事態度。
然而,當仔細分析上述論者的論調,其理據亦不見得站得住腳,而且亦墜入片面和二元分析之嫌。
單憑傳媒幾個剪接畫面的報導,既沒有親歷其境,亦沒有進一步求證,這些論者就否定包括韓農在內的大部份示威人士是以和平方式進行示威,更接受警方的單方面解釋,把衝突定性為暴力騷亂,無視在場人士的親身經驗;以片蓋全地泛指韓農攻擊警方,因而把警方向一眾海外及本地示威者(以至禍及在場的記者途人)施以胡椒嘖霧、水炮和催淚彈的行為合理化,以及長時間拘留示威者的適當性。這判斷明顯有偏差。
當事後警方的手法受到民間組織和評論員批評時(當中包括陳日君主教指警方高層決策錯誤是香港之恥),竟有通識教育講師在未瞭解批評者的詳細內容,而指他們把警方視為敵人,無視一些前線警員所受到的傷害,並指他們的道德感已嚴重受扭曲。
當然,前線警員有其難處,其職務使之與示威者處於對立面,他們的處境的確值得同情。然而,相信示威人士和民間組織無意將警方非人化,亦不是持敵我分明的思維模式。陳主教及批評者除了憐憫韓農外,亦有查訪當日在場人士,不是隨便作判斷。或許該講師及其他論者與一般市民一樣,在缺乏求證和批判態度下便單憑傳媒的選擇性報導而被誤導,看不到電視畫面以外示威者所受到的更多不人道和暴力對待;又或甘願選擇性地相信和放大某些現實情境,不願聽取個別在場人士的切身經驗,硬把自己的一套表面上中肯的道德理論加諸在民間組織和批評者身上,並借復和為名掩飾當權者的暴力。
其實,更重要的是查問衝突的根源,若非世貿被強國所控制,而有權力者又漠視人民現實的慘況,韓農和眾多受影響的民眾何苦遠渡重洋來港向世貿決策者表達心聲,現在仍有十多人被迫與家人分離滯港等候應訊。不論世貿或港府的強權無形暴力,都比示威衝突來得更嚴重。面對這情況,我們又會作什麼道德判斷和行動呢?
公教報 15.1.2006
Thursday, January 5, 2006
Role of the Church in the midst of Globalization
On Dec. 13, the sixth ministerial conference of the World Trade Organisation (WTO) will formally begin in Hong Kong. To most of Hong Kong's people, influenced by the mass media, the six-day meeting only means that many activists will come to Hong Kong to join demonstrations and that riots may occur. Moreover, based on the propaganda of the Hong Kong government, they also think that the WTO can bring more business opportunities, more choices to consumers and may even improve the livelihood of the poor. They do not really know what the meeting is going to discuss nor the impact of the WTO on the lives of people in developing countries.
Although many analyses and experiences have been written about the oversimplified neoliberal market ideology, the cost of so-called free trade as promoted by the WTO and the harmful effects suffered by small farmers and workers, these facts are not widely known by Hong Kong's people in general and specifically Hong Kong's Christians. This phenomenon is most likely true in many other communities and countries as well. Just like many other people, Hong Kong's Christians do not fully understand why so many non-governmental organisations (NGOs), activists and farmers from different countries are coming to Hong Kong to protest against the WTO, an important actor of globalisation.
In the face of this lack of understanding, the Church shoulders an even greater responsibility to inform the Christian community about the reality of free trade and WTO policies and must give them guidance. In reading the signs of the times, the Christian community cannot ignore the phenomenon of globalisation. The Church's social mission must address this reality. It is true that economic globalisation and free trade can have some positive effects. However, if it is ruled merely by the laws of the market that suit the powerful, the results cannot but be negative. Whatever aspect of globalisation—liberalisation or privatisation, free trade or tariff agreements, opening markets or capital mobilisation, flexibility of work or deregulation of work—if the results cannot lead to greater unity and closer relationships but rather create greater alienation and fragmentation, the direction of globalisation must be reevaluated and changed. Thus, the Church must reflect on and carry out its social mission in light of the ethical implications of globalisation and its main promoters, like the WTO.
American Catholic theologian Howland Sanks, in appropriating the analysis of Anthony Giddens and Roland Robertson on globalisation, suggests some issues that the Church should address in this context and how this can be done. These thoughts can inspire us when reflecting on the pastoral challenges of the Church. Several of their points are worth consideration for further reflection.
Following the analysis of the four dimensions of globalisation by Giddens, the Church can take steps to strengthen the positive effects and counteract the harmful impact of each aspect of globalisation. At the level of nation states, the Church can foster intermediary civil societies that monitor and promote human rights and democratic forms of government. A society of sustainability and equality for all should be promoted with a just and ethical economic system and accountable and responsible public and private institutions so that more people can participate in deciding the policies that affect their lives. At the international system of societies, the Church can support and collaborate with international organisations on specific problems, such as the rules and policies of international financial and trade institutions, and can be an advocate for fair trade, the just treatment and protection of workers and farmers, the defence of human rights and labour rights and environmental protection. The Church can also foster cooperation between churches at regional levels.
Moreover, with the stronger and stronger influence of the global capitalist economy, which leads to greater inequality in the distribution of wealth, more unemployment and underemployment and the "causalisation" of labour, the Church can criticise the ideology of neoliberal capitalism and put pressure on affluent countries to eliminate poverty in concrete ways.
Sanks points out that globalisation does not simply refer to increasing interconnectedness. It also refers to subjective matters, such as how we think about the world, ourselves, our countries and the relationships between them. Living in a globalised world, we should be conscious of other societies beyond our national territorial boundaries and may identify with and have allegiance to groups around the globe. We are more and more aware of ourselves as part of humanity as a whole whose very existence is affected by events that occur in distant lands. This viewpoint is similar to the principle of the common good and solidarity in Christian ethics. The Church must make a greater effort to raise the consciousness of the whole Christian community and must also take concrete actions to show solidarity with the poor and promote their empowerment. To nurture a sense of co-responsibility, the Church can encourage Christians to put these aims into practice in their daily lives through their consumption habits, working relationships with employers and employees and by monitoring the treatment of workers by corporations and so on.
Moreover, the Christian Church can try to build a global culture, not a Western culture, with other faith traditions for the collective living of humankind in promoting a culture of love, peace and justice. The Church can affirm the universal principles of human solidarity and subsidiarity while adapting them to particular cultural contexts as an example of using cultural diversity against homogeneity.
On the individual level, in the face of the harmful effects being brought about by globalisation, the Church can break through the sense of hopelessness and helplessness, emphasising the place of agency in social change. Despite the obstacles, the message that individuals can, and do, make a difference, even in today's terribly complex global context, should be emphasised.
The issues to be discussed at the upcoming WTO conference, such as those relating to agricultural and non-agricultural products, services and trade related to intellectual property, look complicated. The difference in power between the wealthy countries and developing countries is enormous. However, as a community of faith, hope and love, we believe that each of us can act to transform the present imbalances and injustices in the world and that the Church as a whole can work together to bring about change on behalf of the world's impoverished people.
(HK Christian Institute newsletter 30 Dec 2005)
Although many analyses and experiences have been written about the oversimplified neoliberal market ideology, the cost of so-called free trade as promoted by the WTO and the harmful effects suffered by small farmers and workers, these facts are not widely known by Hong Kong's people in general and specifically Hong Kong's Christians. This phenomenon is most likely true in many other communities and countries as well. Just like many other people, Hong Kong's Christians do not fully understand why so many non-governmental organisations (NGOs), activists and farmers from different countries are coming to Hong Kong to protest against the WTO, an important actor of globalisation.
In the face of this lack of understanding, the Church shoulders an even greater responsibility to inform the Christian community about the reality of free trade and WTO policies and must give them guidance. In reading the signs of the times, the Christian community cannot ignore the phenomenon of globalisation. The Church's social mission must address this reality. It is true that economic globalisation and free trade can have some positive effects. However, if it is ruled merely by the laws of the market that suit the powerful, the results cannot but be negative. Whatever aspect of globalisation—liberalisation or privatisation, free trade or tariff agreements, opening markets or capital mobilisation, flexibility of work or deregulation of work—if the results cannot lead to greater unity and closer relationships but rather create greater alienation and fragmentation, the direction of globalisation must be reevaluated and changed. Thus, the Church must reflect on and carry out its social mission in light of the ethical implications of globalisation and its main promoters, like the WTO.
American Catholic theologian Howland Sanks, in appropriating the analysis of Anthony Giddens and Roland Robertson on globalisation, suggests some issues that the Church should address in this context and how this can be done. These thoughts can inspire us when reflecting on the pastoral challenges of the Church. Several of their points are worth consideration for further reflection.
Following the analysis of the four dimensions of globalisation by Giddens, the Church can take steps to strengthen the positive effects and counteract the harmful impact of each aspect of globalisation. At the level of nation states, the Church can foster intermediary civil societies that monitor and promote human rights and democratic forms of government. A society of sustainability and equality for all should be promoted with a just and ethical economic system and accountable and responsible public and private institutions so that more people can participate in deciding the policies that affect their lives. At the international system of societies, the Church can support and collaborate with international organisations on specific problems, such as the rules and policies of international financial and trade institutions, and can be an advocate for fair trade, the just treatment and protection of workers and farmers, the defence of human rights and labour rights and environmental protection. The Church can also foster cooperation between churches at regional levels.
Moreover, with the stronger and stronger influence of the global capitalist economy, which leads to greater inequality in the distribution of wealth, more unemployment and underemployment and the "causalisation" of labour, the Church can criticise the ideology of neoliberal capitalism and put pressure on affluent countries to eliminate poverty in concrete ways.
Sanks points out that globalisation does not simply refer to increasing interconnectedness. It also refers to subjective matters, such as how we think about the world, ourselves, our countries and the relationships between them. Living in a globalised world, we should be conscious of other societies beyond our national territorial boundaries and may identify with and have allegiance to groups around the globe. We are more and more aware of ourselves as part of humanity as a whole whose very existence is affected by events that occur in distant lands. This viewpoint is similar to the principle of the common good and solidarity in Christian ethics. The Church must make a greater effort to raise the consciousness of the whole Christian community and must also take concrete actions to show solidarity with the poor and promote their empowerment. To nurture a sense of co-responsibility, the Church can encourage Christians to put these aims into practice in their daily lives through their consumption habits, working relationships with employers and employees and by monitoring the treatment of workers by corporations and so on.
Moreover, the Christian Church can try to build a global culture, not a Western culture, with other faith traditions for the collective living of humankind in promoting a culture of love, peace and justice. The Church can affirm the universal principles of human solidarity and subsidiarity while adapting them to particular cultural contexts as an example of using cultural diversity against homogeneity.
On the individual level, in the face of the harmful effects being brought about by globalisation, the Church can break through the sense of hopelessness and helplessness, emphasising the place of agency in social change. Despite the obstacles, the message that individuals can, and do, make a difference, even in today's terribly complex global context, should be emphasised.
The issues to be discussed at the upcoming WTO conference, such as those relating to agricultural and non-agricultural products, services and trade related to intellectual property, look complicated. The difference in power between the wealthy countries and developing countries is enormous. However, as a community of faith, hope and love, we believe that each of us can act to transform the present imbalances and injustices in the world and that the Church as a whole can work together to bring about change on behalf of the world's impoverished people.
(HK Christian Institute newsletter 30 Dec 2005)
Saturday, October 15, 2005
Friday, October 14, 2005
Sunday, October 2, 2005
緬甸之旅分享

在東枝最後一天的臨別派對上,我曾對大家說,這是一次寶貴而難忘的經驗;對我來說,這次緬甸之旅亦是一次靈性之旅。過去,我將個人避靜視為與天主一起去旅行,今次去緬甸則感到是一次集體靈修,是與天主同行的旅程。無論在課堂上分享或私下傾談,當我們分享天主對自己的召叫、使命、家庭和生活時,我都深深感到zetaman的強烈使命感和信德,令人感動,亦令人欽佩。她們雖然年輕,但其服務精神值得我們學習。行程中令我不斷反思自己的召叫和使命。
此外,我感到在當地所接觸到的每一個人都很純真、樸素和友善,我們在東枝與zetaman相處了十天,已建立了一定的關係,所以,我回港後仍很掛念他們呢!(閱讀他們託第二團帶回來的信件是另一次喜悅)在東枝,雖然我們有任務在身,要準備每天的課程,但學員們的投入和熱愛學習的精神,令我壓力大減,讓我可以坦誠和自如地與他們分享信仰,分享知識,實在是天主的祝福和帶領;就像我跟學員們分享耶肋米亞先知的召叫時,指天主召叫我們傳福音,會觸摸我們的口,將話放進我們的口中,作祂的和平工具;我自己就親身體驗了這說話的含意和力量。
這次旅程另一點令我感受深刻的是我們五位體驗團成員的合作和默契。我們利用自己的長處,跟當地人分享知識。事前互不相識且做事作風南轅北轍的我們,卻能合作無間,互相配合和補足。我很珍惜彼此間的互信、互助和互諒,讓我體會到團隊精神的重要性。我們日間教學,夜間相聚祈禱、分享,除了檢討當天課程和準備翌日課程外,更分享了一些個人信仰經驗和感受,我很欣賞彼此的坦誠分享,每位團友的獨特個性讓我從每一個人身上都學到一些東西。這是一次很愉快和很特別的與主相遇的經驗。
(傳信會通訊中的分享 2005.10)
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