早前女藝人在更衣室被偷拍事件鬧得滿城風雨,偷拍者和出版商自然成為眾矢之的,被指「販賣色情、侵犯私隱」,嚴重違反道德操守,但消費者卻往往輕易逃過責任。其實,正是廣大消費者每人所付出的十元八塊形成的龐大市場,吸引雜誌的編輯老闆不斷生產這類商品。因此,兩者的責任可謂不相伯仲。然而,現時的討論卻集中在如何規管傳媒,卻忽略了大眾的道德責任和人格陶成。
同樣,在教會內,當論及倫理問題時,不少人會把墮胎、安樂死、同性戀、貪污斂財、戰爭殺戮等涉及醫療、性向和社會問題視為倫理道德問題,認為這些才是重要且迫切的議題,直接參與其中的少數人才與這些議題有關,卻少有把我們日常生活中的種種行為視作倫理行為。其實,不論是我們的說話方式、運用時間方式、訂定的計劃和目標、與他人建立的關係等等,這些都構成我們的倫理生活。而這些日常行為既反映了「我是誰」,亦塑造了「我是誰」,影響日後的重大倫理決定。正如倫理神學家J. Keenan指出,倫理神學不只是探討一些重大的行為或嚴重的罪行,更是研究人的生活,以及整個人的人格和性情。
不過,因著我們常常把上述列舉的議題才視為倫理問題,久而久之就把倫理道德主要視為避免惡行。然而,避免惡行對今日的天主教徒來說,只是倫理上的最低要求。更積極來說,我們要問自己,要成為基督的追隨者,我們要成為一個怎樣的人?為基督、為教會、為我們的社群和鄰人又可以做什麼?應定下哪些目標去改善關係、改善現況、改善自己及他人的生活?這便要從自己的生活做起。
換句話說,即使我們不墮胎,沒有協助人安樂死,沒有貪污偷竊,沒有殺人,不表示我們就是一位好的基督徒。我們更要進一步反省自己生命的價值取向,在化為人生態度和行為時,有沒有尊重生命、憐憫他人、照顧病弱者、與人分享、主動關心家人、朋友,以至外來者和有需要人士?內心又曾否產生暴力的念頭、想控制他人或盲從附和?
套用在本文開首的個案上,擺買一兩期雜誌並不表示某人反對偷窺文化、不隨波逐流和尊重他人,因為他可能經常閱讀其他同類型刊物,不自覺地鞏固這風氣。只有把尊重他人的美德內化為我們的待人態度和表達方式,繼而培養良好的閱讀習慣,才不會被該類嘩眾取寵、揭人私隱的讀物吸引,使出版商有藉口借迎合市場口味而推出該類刊物,並能以這待人態度一視同仁。
這正好說明培養種種德行(如仁愛、正義、節制等)和判斷能力的重要性。面對社會以至世界的種種難題、疑慮、不確定境況,單以法律和規範去禁止某些行為並不足夠,德行能使教友懂得更明智地作出判斷和行事,為自己的倫理行為負責,甚至以德行抗衡文化中的惡習,從而做一個真正的基督追隨者。
The greatest treasures of life are peace of mind, togetherness, relationships and love. ~ Mee-yin Mary Yuen 阮美賢
Thursday, October 5, 2006
Saturday, September 2, 2006
International Day of World Peace: Weapons within our hearts
Weapons Within Our Hearts
“Then he will judge between the nations and arbitrate between many peoples. They will hammer their swords into ploughshares and their spears into sickles. Nation will not lift sword against nation no longer will they learn how to make war.” (Israel 2:4)
The statement quoted from this bible verse which is hanged outside the United Nations Headquarters reflects that peace is not only the desire of Israelists of the Old Testament era, it is also the hope of people in contemporary age.
People nowadays always talk about civilization and civilized acts, thus, peaceful means, rather than violence should be employed to solve conflicts. However, hatred and wars between nations and ethnics occur continuously. Numerous examples tell us peaceful day is a far far away dream which is almost impossible to achieve. This can be seen from the conflict in the Middle East, particularly between Israel and Palestine, the suicidal attack of extreme Muslims towards the West, the occupation of Iraq by U.S. in the name of destroying “the terrorists.” Recently, we witnessed the attack of Lebanon by Israel and the British airport chaos. All these lead to death and injury of innocent civilians.
Our world is facing different kinds of “terrorist” attack. Suicidal attack, of course, is frightening. Are white terrorism, racial and religious discrimination, suppressing freedom of speech and press arose from anti-terrorism equally frightening? Revenge, violence and war cannot solve problem indeed. They only carry on the conflicts, bringing never-ending hatred. In fact, many political leaders employed various kinds of obvious and subtle violence to reinforce the feeling of hatred in the name of patriotism, ignoring the freedom and lives of civilians.
Very often, we think that racial and religious conflicts are international problems, we are not the ones who create them and we cannot do much on that, thus, we don’t need to shoulder any responsibility. However, have we ever thought that we are creating and reinforcing violence and injustice intentionally? In her article “The Tridents Within,” American feminist Jeanne Clark notes that “trident and all future weapons of destruction can be stopped only when we look deeply enough within ourselves to discover that there are Tridents within us.” These weapons within us are those things which disrupt our right relationship with ourselves, with one another, with the earth and its creator.
Weapons within us originate from our inability to accept difference which gives rise to a desire of control. For many people, one way to treat difference is to make you like I am, or I will destroy you or neglect you, making you as someone non-exist or name you as an enemy. Once an enemy is created, I don’t need to suffer from the pain of struggling with differences within me. The differences is in you; good and evil, right and wrong is clear. Everything is in my control.
Such desire of control does not merely exist in the hands of strong powers, it also exists in each of us. We want to be winners in everything. Apart from political and economic arenas, this kind of desire and temptation occurs in the relationship between parents and children, friends, partners and even in our faith. For example, when we think that we are more holy and faithful, know more truth and do better than others, we may neglect, exclude or ignore those who are different from us.
On the other hand, submitting to reality, abandoning the power to bring change to the world and give it to the dominant powers is another kind of weapon within us. Some people believe that only heroes and leaders can bring hope. Such feeling of helplessness and hopelessness deter us from taking up responsibilities. It is this kind of submissiveness and passivity that give violence a chance to continue, leading us to see the harm that others bringing to us, but not seeing such attitudes may bring harm to others as well as ourselves.
Today, violence continues and expresses in various form. Before it occurs in the form of war, it grows and flourishes deep within us. As Christians who accept the gospel of the Son of Peace Jesus Christ, are we willing to examine the various kinds of weapons within us and see clearly? Are we willing to repent and become peacemakers? In view of the reality, the peace message of Isaiah is not easy to achieve in today’s world, but this is the hope of us.
“Then he will judge between the nations and arbitrate between many peoples. They will hammer their swords into ploughshares and their spears into sickles. Nation will not lift sword against nation no longer will they learn how to make war.” (Israel 2:4)
The statement quoted from this bible verse which is hanged outside the United Nations Headquarters reflects that peace is not only the desire of Israelists of the Old Testament era, it is also the hope of people in contemporary age.
People nowadays always talk about civilization and civilized acts, thus, peaceful means, rather than violence should be employed to solve conflicts. However, hatred and wars between nations and ethnics occur continuously. Numerous examples tell us peaceful day is a far far away dream which is almost impossible to achieve. This can be seen from the conflict in the Middle East, particularly between Israel and Palestine, the suicidal attack of extreme Muslims towards the West, the occupation of Iraq by U.S. in the name of destroying “the terrorists.” Recently, we witnessed the attack of Lebanon by Israel and the British airport chaos. All these lead to death and injury of innocent civilians.
Our world is facing different kinds of “terrorist” attack. Suicidal attack, of course, is frightening. Are white terrorism, racial and religious discrimination, suppressing freedom of speech and press arose from anti-terrorism equally frightening? Revenge, violence and war cannot solve problem indeed. They only carry on the conflicts, bringing never-ending hatred. In fact, many political leaders employed various kinds of obvious and subtle violence to reinforce the feeling of hatred in the name of patriotism, ignoring the freedom and lives of civilians.
Very often, we think that racial and religious conflicts are international problems, we are not the ones who create them and we cannot do much on that, thus, we don’t need to shoulder any responsibility. However, have we ever thought that we are creating and reinforcing violence and injustice intentionally? In her article “The Tridents Within,” American feminist Jeanne Clark notes that “trident and all future weapons of destruction can be stopped only when we look deeply enough within ourselves to discover that there are Tridents within us.” These weapons within us are those things which disrupt our right relationship with ourselves, with one another, with the earth and its creator.
Weapons within us originate from our inability to accept difference which gives rise to a desire of control. For many people, one way to treat difference is to make you like I am, or I will destroy you or neglect you, making you as someone non-exist or name you as an enemy. Once an enemy is created, I don’t need to suffer from the pain of struggling with differences within me. The differences is in you; good and evil, right and wrong is clear. Everything is in my control.
Such desire of control does not merely exist in the hands of strong powers, it also exists in each of us. We want to be winners in everything. Apart from political and economic arenas, this kind of desire and temptation occurs in the relationship between parents and children, friends, partners and even in our faith. For example, when we think that we are more holy and faithful, know more truth and do better than others, we may neglect, exclude or ignore those who are different from us.
On the other hand, submitting to reality, abandoning the power to bring change to the world and give it to the dominant powers is another kind of weapon within us. Some people believe that only heroes and leaders can bring hope. Such feeling of helplessness and hopelessness deter us from taking up responsibilities. It is this kind of submissiveness and passivity that give violence a chance to continue, leading us to see the harm that others bringing to us, but not seeing such attitudes may bring harm to others as well as ourselves.
Today, violence continues and expresses in various form. Before it occurs in the form of war, it grows and flourishes deep within us. As Christians who accept the gospel of the Son of Peace Jesus Christ, are we willing to examine the various kinds of weapons within us and see clearly? Are we willing to repent and become peacemakers? In view of the reality, the peace message of Isaiah is not easy to achieve in today’s world, but this is the hope of us.
國際和平主日
「他將統治萬邦,治理眾民;致使眾人把自己的刀劍鋳成鋤頭,將自己的槍矛製成鎌刀;民族與民族不再持刀相向,人類不再學習戰鬥。」 (以/依2: 4)
這句懸掛在聯合國總部的經文,反映出和平不只是舊約時期以色列人的渴望,更是現代人的願望。
現代人講求文明,理應以和平方式解決問題,而不是訴諸暴力。但是有關國與國之間的戰爭、民族與民族之間的仇恨之消息卻是不絕於耳。近日的以黎衝突、英國機場驚魂,以至長期的以巴土地紛爭、因所謂的恐怖襲擊和反恐行動而傷及無辜平民等,都在告訴我們,和平的日子似乎遙不可及!
我們的世界正在面對不同形式的恐怖襲擊。同歸於盡式的襲擊固然可怕,但因反恐怖主義而造成的白色恐怖、種族宗教歧視、遏制言論及新聞自由等不是同樣可怕嗎?復仇、暴力和戰爭都不能解決問題,只會沉澱、累積,以至蔓延下一代,帶來循環不息的仇恨和衝突。
很多時,我們以為種族宗教糾紛或戰爭衝突是國際問題,個人的力量根本解決不了,所以自己亦不用負上任何責任。然而,我們可曾想到,自己可能不自覺地參與製造或鞏固暴力和不義呢?美國婦運領袖Jeanne Clark在一篇名為「內心的武器」的文章中指出,如果我們不深切檢視潛藏在自己內心深處的武器,所有危害人類的「大殺傷力武器」根本無法消滅;這些內在武器正是那些破壞和侵蝕我們與自己、與他人、與地球以及與創造者關係的東西。
內心的武器源於我們無法接受差異,因而產生控制的慾望。對不少人來說,對待差異的其中一種方法是將對方改變成為跟我一樣,另一種方法是消滅他,又或是否定他,將他視為不存在,稱之為敵人。一旦製造了敵人,我們就不用因內心的差異而痛苦爭扎,而只將差異歸咎於對方,對錯、好壞變得黑白分明,一切似乎在自己掌握和控制之內。這種控制的慾望不只存在於擁有權力的強國手中,亦存在於我們每一個人的心中,希望在一切事上取得勝利。不要以為這慾望和誘惑只發生在政治、經濟層面,其實,它亦出現在父母與子女、朋友或伴侶之間的關係上,甚至是信仰層面。例如,當我們渴望比別人更神聖、更忠信、掌握更多真理,或在任何事上都想比其他人好,則可能會忽略、排斥或否定其他與自己不同的人。
另一方面,屈服於現狀,自動放棄改變世界的能力,將這能力供手相讓予霸權者,是另一種內心武器。有些人以為要等待領袖或英雄的出現,才有希望。無力感和無望感,令我們不再相信自己可以為事件負責;正是這種被動和服從,使暴力有機可乘延續下去,我們亦只看到別人對自己帶來的暴力傷害,卻沒有察覺因自己屈從於權力亦會對他人或自己造成傷害。
今天,我們仍看到戰事不斷,在暴力以戰爭形式出現之前,它早已在我們的內心萌芽。我們既接受了耶穌基督這位「和平之子」的福音,我們是否願意察亮眼睛,檢視一下自己內心深處所潛藏著的各式各樣武器,不論是控制他人或盲目服從?是否決心悔改成為一位締造和平的使者?昔日以賽亞先知的和平信息,對今天的基督徒來說,雖然在實踐上困難重重,卻是我們的希望所在。
這句懸掛在聯合國總部的經文,反映出和平不只是舊約時期以色列人的渴望,更是現代人的願望。
現代人講求文明,理應以和平方式解決問題,而不是訴諸暴力。但是有關國與國之間的戰爭、民族與民族之間的仇恨之消息卻是不絕於耳。近日的以黎衝突、英國機場驚魂,以至長期的以巴土地紛爭、因所謂的恐怖襲擊和反恐行動而傷及無辜平民等,都在告訴我們,和平的日子似乎遙不可及!
我們的世界正在面對不同形式的恐怖襲擊。同歸於盡式的襲擊固然可怕,但因反恐怖主義而造成的白色恐怖、種族宗教歧視、遏制言論及新聞自由等不是同樣可怕嗎?復仇、暴力和戰爭都不能解決問題,只會沉澱、累積,以至蔓延下一代,帶來循環不息的仇恨和衝突。
很多時,我們以為種族宗教糾紛或戰爭衝突是國際問題,個人的力量根本解決不了,所以自己亦不用負上任何責任。然而,我們可曾想到,自己可能不自覺地參與製造或鞏固暴力和不義呢?美國婦運領袖Jeanne Clark在一篇名為「內心的武器」的文章中指出,如果我們不深切檢視潛藏在自己內心深處的武器,所有危害人類的「大殺傷力武器」根本無法消滅;這些內在武器正是那些破壞和侵蝕我們與自己、與他人、與地球以及與創造者關係的東西。
內心的武器源於我們無法接受差異,因而產生控制的慾望。對不少人來說,對待差異的其中一種方法是將對方改變成為跟我一樣,另一種方法是消滅他,又或是否定他,將他視為不存在,稱之為敵人。一旦製造了敵人,我們就不用因內心的差異而痛苦爭扎,而只將差異歸咎於對方,對錯、好壞變得黑白分明,一切似乎在自己掌握和控制之內。這種控制的慾望不只存在於擁有權力的強國手中,亦存在於我們每一個人的心中,希望在一切事上取得勝利。不要以為這慾望和誘惑只發生在政治、經濟層面,其實,它亦出現在父母與子女、朋友或伴侶之間的關係上,甚至是信仰層面。例如,當我們渴望比別人更神聖、更忠信、掌握更多真理,或在任何事上都想比其他人好,則可能會忽略、排斥或否定其他與自己不同的人。
另一方面,屈服於現狀,自動放棄改變世界的能力,將這能力供手相讓予霸權者,是另一種內心武器。有些人以為要等待領袖或英雄的出現,才有希望。無力感和無望感,令我們不再相信自己可以為事件負責;正是這種被動和服從,使暴力有機可乘延續下去,我們亦只看到別人對自己帶來的暴力傷害,卻沒有察覺因自己屈從於權力亦會對他人或自己造成傷害。
今天,我們仍看到戰事不斷,在暴力以戰爭形式出現之前,它早已在我們的內心萌芽。我們既接受了耶穌基督這位「和平之子」的福音,我們是否願意察亮眼睛,檢視一下自己內心深處所潛藏著的各式各樣武器,不論是控制他人或盲目服從?是否決心悔改成為一位締造和平的使者?昔日以賽亞先知的和平信息,對今天的基督徒來說,雖然在實踐上困難重重,卻是我們的希望所在。
Tuesday, August 22, 2006
戰爭哪有正義?
晚上有一電台節目名為《數字人生》,專門介紹一些與數字有關的有趣資料和故事。然而,現實中不少數字卻不是那麼有趣,更有些令人不寒而慄。
英國《獨立報》8月8日頭版在《戰爭的代價令世界蒙羞》的標題下,公佈了一系列數字:以色列軍隊在黎巴嫩南部的地面和空中打擊中,已造成黎境內932人死亡,75人失蹤,當中三份一是13歲以下兒童。29名黎巴嫩士兵喪生、3293名黎巴嫩人受傷,其中45%是兒童。超過90萬黎巴嫩人流離失所,其中30萬人是兒童。以色列方面94人死亡,1867人受傷。
執筆時,聯合國經過多番協商終達成停火協議,但以軍在停火前卻不繼轟炸黎巴嫩南部,據報在決議案通過後釀成最少19人死亡。
其實,這些數字何只是一堆數字,它反映了戰爭衝突的代價是人的生命。在戰亂時期,人的生命,特別是平民、婦女和兒童的生命變得一文不值,他們往往成為好戰者的工具,成為抵擋敵方反擊的「人肉盾牌」,不少人更成為親眼目睹家人被殺害的見證人,承受骨肉分離之痛楚。
大部份人都不想自己被牽涉在戰事中,而國際政治中的「正義戰爭」理論都是想盡量避免戰爭的發生,或一但發生應盡量保護平民。天主教傳統的「正義戰爭」理論亦強調,戰爭必須是最後採用的手段,最終目的應是和平修好,而交戰過程必須有節制、不濫殺無辜。然而,試問現實中有哪場戰爭不會濫殺無辜?透過暴力能達至真正的和平嗎?事實上,所謂正義戰爭,往往只是參戰和攻擊者自以為是正義,自以為具有嚴正理由,目的和過程卻往往是不顧一切催毀對方的力量,包括設施和人民。
就像今次的戰爭,以色列自恃實力強大,為解救兩名被黎抓獲的以軍不惜侵入黎巴嫩,並全面摧毀南黎基礎設施,又大量轟炸平民居所,務求將黎炸得經濟徹底崩潰,使這個地區成為一個無法居住和生活的地區,最終以消滅真主黨為目的。真主黨亦不甘示弱,實行以牙還牙,炸毀以色列民居。凡此種種已顯示有關行動已遠遠超越「有節制、不濫殺無辜」的正義戰爭條件。
面對這場毫不正義且傷及眾多無辜平民的戰爭,西方國家竟坐視不理,遲遲不願採取行動,特別是美國,不但為以色列提供上億美元的軍火,更一直阻止立即停火的要求,令戰事持續。美國這種傾斜於以色列的外交政策,在過去已經為中東以至世界和平帶來極大傷害,亦助長了中東激進勢力的壯大,致使中東和平進程變得遙遙無期。
但在這些衝突之中,我們卻見到和平的曙光。美國以至香港主流傳媒甚少報導的和平運動者,當中包括來自美國的宗教人士,在本土或遠赴伊拉克、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦等中東國家,親身作見證,與這些地方的人民站在同一陣線反對暴力,部份更曾以血肉之軀造成人鏈,阻止軍方傷害平民百姓。可能有些人覺得他們很傻,但他們的目標卻是單純的。曾聽過一位參與和平運動的基督徒分享,他們只是效法耶穌基督,希望以和平戰勝暴力和霸權,以愛感染其他人,直至以下的預言實現:「他們使眾人把自己的刀劍鋳成鋤頭,將自己的槍矛製成鎌刀;民族與民族不再持刀相向,人類不再學習戰鬥。」(依二4)
英國《獨立報》8月8日頭版在《戰爭的代價令世界蒙羞》的標題下,公佈了一系列數字:以色列軍隊在黎巴嫩南部的地面和空中打擊中,已造成黎境內932人死亡,75人失蹤,當中三份一是13歲以下兒童。29名黎巴嫩士兵喪生、3293名黎巴嫩人受傷,其中45%是兒童。超過90萬黎巴嫩人流離失所,其中30萬人是兒童。以色列方面94人死亡,1867人受傷。
執筆時,聯合國經過多番協商終達成停火協議,但以軍在停火前卻不繼轟炸黎巴嫩南部,據報在決議案通過後釀成最少19人死亡。
其實,這些數字何只是一堆數字,它反映了戰爭衝突的代價是人的生命。在戰亂時期,人的生命,特別是平民、婦女和兒童的生命變得一文不值,他們往往成為好戰者的工具,成為抵擋敵方反擊的「人肉盾牌」,不少人更成為親眼目睹家人被殺害的見證人,承受骨肉分離之痛楚。
大部份人都不想自己被牽涉在戰事中,而國際政治中的「正義戰爭」理論都是想盡量避免戰爭的發生,或一但發生應盡量保護平民。天主教傳統的「正義戰爭」理論亦強調,戰爭必須是最後採用的手段,最終目的應是和平修好,而交戰過程必須有節制、不濫殺無辜。然而,試問現實中有哪場戰爭不會濫殺無辜?透過暴力能達至真正的和平嗎?事實上,所謂正義戰爭,往往只是參戰和攻擊者自以為是正義,自以為具有嚴正理由,目的和過程卻往往是不顧一切催毀對方的力量,包括設施和人民。
就像今次的戰爭,以色列自恃實力強大,為解救兩名被黎抓獲的以軍不惜侵入黎巴嫩,並全面摧毀南黎基礎設施,又大量轟炸平民居所,務求將黎炸得經濟徹底崩潰,使這個地區成為一個無法居住和生活的地區,最終以消滅真主黨為目的。真主黨亦不甘示弱,實行以牙還牙,炸毀以色列民居。凡此種種已顯示有關行動已遠遠超越「有節制、不濫殺無辜」的正義戰爭條件。
面對這場毫不正義且傷及眾多無辜平民的戰爭,西方國家竟坐視不理,遲遲不願採取行動,特別是美國,不但為以色列提供上億美元的軍火,更一直阻止立即停火的要求,令戰事持續。美國這種傾斜於以色列的外交政策,在過去已經為中東以至世界和平帶來極大傷害,亦助長了中東激進勢力的壯大,致使中東和平進程變得遙遙無期。
但在這些衝突之中,我們卻見到和平的曙光。美國以至香港主流傳媒甚少報導的和平運動者,當中包括來自美國的宗教人士,在本土或遠赴伊拉克、黎巴嫩、巴勒斯坦等中東國家,親身作見證,與這些地方的人民站在同一陣線反對暴力,部份更曾以血肉之軀造成人鏈,阻止軍方傷害平民百姓。可能有些人覺得他們很傻,但他們的目標卻是單純的。曾聽過一位參與和平運動的基督徒分享,他們只是效法耶穌基督,希望以和平戰勝暴力和霸權,以愛感染其他人,直至以下的預言實現:「他們使眾人把自己的刀劍鋳成鋤頭,將自己的槍矛製成鎌刀;民族與民族不再持刀相向,人類不再學習戰鬥。」(依二4)
Tuesday, May 16, 2006
由五四到民主監察政府
民主與自由,若不以法律保障個人價值,則不管說得多麼動聽,都是空談!
今年是五四運動八十七周年,國務院總理溫家寶在五四當日到北京師範大學,與青年學生談到五四運動的兩個口號,即民主和科學。他指出,今天講民主,就是要讓人民當家作主,保障人民的民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監督的權利,就是要創造一種環境,讓人民批評和監督政府;而講科學就是要尊重知識、尊重科學、尊重人才,遵循經濟規律、科學規律和社會發展規律,建設一個創新型國家。他更強調國家政策是以人為本,在學校是以學生為本,需以啟發式教育開啟學生思路。溫總理這番話聽起來十分動聽,任何人都會十分同意,問題是這些話能否兌現?
近日讀到前社會科學院院長、美國奧克拉荷馬大學榮休教授趙復三有關總結五四經驗的文章,他指出要實踐民主監督的權利,必須開闢渠道讓人民對國家大事充份發表意見,監督公務人員的言行,監督政府的一切工作。在回顧五四以來的歷史的過程中,趙教授觀察到科學和民主的口號儘管響亮,但中國知識青年多半未懂得用科學民主方法思考和正確認識歷史,因而造成了過去的盲從;另一方面,當權執政者的專制統治亦壓抑了民主發展。因此,要在今天社會文化道德和思想危機中重建中國的文化,必須真正實踐科學和民主精神,即是用社會實踐來驗證任何政治人物的理論、路線、方案和政策;喚醒人民大眾起來監督政府的工作。當中,傳播媒介扮演著重要的角色,而新聞出版和言論自由正是民主監督政府不可少的工具,是人民接收資訊以便作出判斷的不可少的渠道。
然而,我們看到的是國內一個又一個新聞和言論自由被限制的例子。除傳統媒介如報章雜誌的記者和編輯被審查甚至拘捕外,最近更傳來一連串網路公司協助中國政府拘捕網路上活躍的作家和新聞從業員的消息,以及政府收緊對互聯網的管理,封鎖和控制某些所謂敏感的新聞報導。繼去年湖南《當代商報》原編輯師濤、四川省達州市前財政局官員李智,在美國互聯網公司雅虎向中國當局提供了其帳號和密碼等證據,分別被成功控以「涉露國家機密罪」和「顛覆國家政權罪」之後,遼寧姜力均亦因「煽動顛覆國家政權罪」而被判處四年徒刑。在某些官員眼中,他們是異見分子,犯下危害國家的罪狀,但他們只不過是發放資訊和評論,參與建設讓人民監督政府的環境而已。
就以姜力均的例子來說,他只是與其他人士聯署致中共十六中的公開信,要求重新評價八九民運、釋放政治犯、推行致治改革,這只是人民自主地表達意見的一種方式,與「試圖用暴力手段實現民主」是兩碼子的事。若讓人民以言論向政府公開表達意見也屬違法,溫總理的「讓人民監督政府參與決策」難道只是空談?
與此同時,一向高舉民主自由的美國,當中的大企業為求發展中國的龐大市場,而不惜犧牲道德責任,為政府檢控異見人士提供證據,這不只是出賣客戶的個人資料,亦是出賣自己的良知。
生活在香港的我們一向享受著網上和傳媒的自由空氣,或未能感受到失去言論自由的威脅,以及擴闊民主空間的迫切性。這些例子正好讓我們反省自己是否以民主精神生活和以科學精神驗證理論和政治人物的講話。
阮美賢 香港天主教正義和平委員會供稿
今年是五四運動八十七周年,國務院總理溫家寶在五四當日到北京師範大學,與青年學生談到五四運動的兩個口號,即民主和科學。他指出,今天講民主,就是要讓人民當家作主,保障人民的民主選舉、民主決策、民主管理和民主監督的權利,就是要創造一種環境,讓人民批評和監督政府;而講科學就是要尊重知識、尊重科學、尊重人才,遵循經濟規律、科學規律和社會發展規律,建設一個創新型國家。他更強調國家政策是以人為本,在學校是以學生為本,需以啟發式教育開啟學生思路。溫總理這番話聽起來十分動聽,任何人都會十分同意,問題是這些話能否兌現?
近日讀到前社會科學院院長、美國奧克拉荷馬大學榮休教授趙復三有關總結五四經驗的文章,他指出要實踐民主監督的權利,必須開闢渠道讓人民對國家大事充份發表意見,監督公務人員的言行,監督政府的一切工作。在回顧五四以來的歷史的過程中,趙教授觀察到科學和民主的口號儘管響亮,但中國知識青年多半未懂得用科學民主方法思考和正確認識歷史,因而造成了過去的盲從;另一方面,當權執政者的專制統治亦壓抑了民主發展。因此,要在今天社會文化道德和思想危機中重建中國的文化,必須真正實踐科學和民主精神,即是用社會實踐來驗證任何政治人物的理論、路線、方案和政策;喚醒人民大眾起來監督政府的工作。當中,傳播媒介扮演著重要的角色,而新聞出版和言論自由正是民主監督政府不可少的工具,是人民接收資訊以便作出判斷的不可少的渠道。
然而,我們看到的是國內一個又一個新聞和言論自由被限制的例子。除傳統媒介如報章雜誌的記者和編輯被審查甚至拘捕外,最近更傳來一連串網路公司協助中國政府拘捕網路上活躍的作家和新聞從業員的消息,以及政府收緊對互聯網的管理,封鎖和控制某些所謂敏感的新聞報導。繼去年湖南《當代商報》原編輯師濤、四川省達州市前財政局官員李智,在美國互聯網公司雅虎向中國當局提供了其帳號和密碼等證據,分別被成功控以「涉露國家機密罪」和「顛覆國家政權罪」之後,遼寧姜力均亦因「煽動顛覆國家政權罪」而被判處四年徒刑。在某些官員眼中,他們是異見分子,犯下危害國家的罪狀,但他們只不過是發放資訊和評論,參與建設讓人民監督政府的環境而已。
就以姜力均的例子來說,他只是與其他人士聯署致中共十六中的公開信,要求重新評價八九民運、釋放政治犯、推行致治改革,這只是人民自主地表達意見的一種方式,與「試圖用暴力手段實現民主」是兩碼子的事。若讓人民以言論向政府公開表達意見也屬違法,溫總理的「讓人民監督政府參與決策」難道只是空談?
與此同時,一向高舉民主自由的美國,當中的大企業為求發展中國的龐大市場,而不惜犧牲道德責任,為政府檢控異見人士提供證據,這不只是出賣客戶的個人資料,亦是出賣自己的良知。
生活在香港的我們一向享受著網上和傳媒的自由空氣,或未能感受到失去言論自由的威脅,以及擴闊民主空間的迫切性。這些例子正好讓我們反省自己是否以民主精神生活和以科學精神驗證理論和政治人物的講話。
阮美賢 香港天主教正義和平委員會供稿
Friday, March 31, 2006
A duty to speak out for social justice
The elevation to cardinal of Bishop Joseph Zen Ze-kiun is an uplifting experience for many Chinese Catholics all over the world - it should confirm the faith and religiosity, as well as the representation, of Chinese people in the Catholic Church. Now, a cardinal who is familiar with the church in China can give advice directly to the Pope.
On the other hand, the news may upset others, both within and outside the church, who have always questioned the new cardinal's suitability, as a religious leader, to comment on social and political issues.
Cardinal Zen's outspoken style in handling social issues has often been criticised for mixing religion and politics. Many critics have argued that religion and politics should be separate. Others regard him as the conscience of the church and society for his role in fighting for social justice.
Criticism and praise of the prelate are often determined by the political stance of those making the comments, rather than knowledge of the role a church leader should play in society - and whether the church should have a mission of social concern. What people oppose, in fact, is that Cardinal Zen stands for the underprivileged, and supports more political participation. This may hinder the interests of the privileged, and anger Beijing.
People often get a confused idea of what is meant by the separation of church and state. They sometimes adopt the definition set by totalitarian regimes instead of the understanding of academics or the church itself. They think that any individual or group with views that differ from the government's should keep out of political affairs: otherwise it will be considered intervening in state affairs. However, the act of intervening is very different from commenting on public affairs.
In January, Pope Benedict released his first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est - literally "God is love" - saying clearly that the church should not turn away when it discovers injustice in society. That is because the doctrine of love requires us to stand for social justice. Over the years, the church has issued various documents on social teaching, encouraging clergies and the faithful around the world to uphold human dignity and advance social justice in their communities. This is an inherent mission of the Catholic Church and every Christian.
We don't expect Cardinal Zen to act like the late Cardinal Jaime Sin of Manila - calling for people to take to the streets to overthrow an authoritarian government. But we do expect him to uphold social justice in society in relation to the church's doctrine of love, and to encourage Christians to carry out the mission of love and justice.
It is strange for people to suggest that religious people should not take part in any secular activities. As a moral guide in society, a church leader has a duty to speak out for the powerless and underprivileged, and to remind the ruling class of what it should do to ensure that civil rights are protected and wealth is distributed fairly.
In a recent interview with CNN, Cardinal Zen explained that there were two distinct types of politics: official, party politics and the wider participation of civil society. He said clergy and religious people should not engage in the first, but that the latter was a duty of all citizens.
In Hong Kong, party politics is very much related to winning more seats in the legislative and district councils. However, taking part in a civil-rights movement is a different story. This is targeted at encouraging people to construct a more just society. It is exactly the kind of politics that every citizen should take part in.
Politics is intertwined with almost everything in our daily life. Those who claim they can stay away from it, washing their hands of any form of politics, should think again.
(SCMP, 31 March 2006)
On the other hand, the news may upset others, both within and outside the church, who have always questioned the new cardinal's suitability, as a religious leader, to comment on social and political issues.
Cardinal Zen's outspoken style in handling social issues has often been criticised for mixing religion and politics. Many critics have argued that religion and politics should be separate. Others regard him as the conscience of the church and society for his role in fighting for social justice.
Criticism and praise of the prelate are often determined by the political stance of those making the comments, rather than knowledge of the role a church leader should play in society - and whether the church should have a mission of social concern. What people oppose, in fact, is that Cardinal Zen stands for the underprivileged, and supports more political participation. This may hinder the interests of the privileged, and anger Beijing.
People often get a confused idea of what is meant by the separation of church and state. They sometimes adopt the definition set by totalitarian regimes instead of the understanding of academics or the church itself. They think that any individual or group with views that differ from the government's should keep out of political affairs: otherwise it will be considered intervening in state affairs. However, the act of intervening is very different from commenting on public affairs.
In January, Pope Benedict released his first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est - literally "God is love" - saying clearly that the church should not turn away when it discovers injustice in society. That is because the doctrine of love requires us to stand for social justice. Over the years, the church has issued various documents on social teaching, encouraging clergies and the faithful around the world to uphold human dignity and advance social justice in their communities. This is an inherent mission of the Catholic Church and every Christian.
We don't expect Cardinal Zen to act like the late Cardinal Jaime Sin of Manila - calling for people to take to the streets to overthrow an authoritarian government. But we do expect him to uphold social justice in society in relation to the church's doctrine of love, and to encourage Christians to carry out the mission of love and justice.
It is strange for people to suggest that religious people should not take part in any secular activities. As a moral guide in society, a church leader has a duty to speak out for the powerless and underprivileged, and to remind the ruling class of what it should do to ensure that civil rights are protected and wealth is distributed fairly.
In a recent interview with CNN, Cardinal Zen explained that there were two distinct types of politics: official, party politics and the wider participation of civil society. He said clergy and religious people should not engage in the first, but that the latter was a duty of all citizens.
In Hong Kong, party politics is very much related to winning more seats in the legislative and district councils. However, taking part in a civil-rights movement is a different story. This is targeted at encouraging people to construct a more just society. It is exactly the kind of politics that every citizen should take part in.
Politics is intertwined with almost everything in our daily life. Those who claim they can stay away from it, washing their hands of any form of politics, should think again.
(SCMP, 31 March 2006)
Wednesday, March 15, 2006
教會領袖如何實行愛德
陳日君主教被教宗本篤十六世擢升為樞機,不但在教會中被視為值得感恩和慶賀的事,在社會上亦掀起不少討論和回響。除了中梵關係外,傳媒以至教會人士都關心,主教成為樞機後會否改變其敢言作風,繼續為弱勢社群發聲。有人指主教言論偏激過火,發言時過於直率欠缺理據和技巧;亦有人認為他關心民主人權,是教會和社會的良心,是一股不可多得的道德力量。意見可謂南轅北轍。
其實,現時對陳主教言論之評價,即使在教會中,不少是取決於評論者自己的政治取向或社會位置,多於如何看一個教會領袖應肩負的角色或教會的社會使命。這裡牽涉到的問題涉及幾個層次,即當富爭議性的社會事件出現時,身為基督徒的我們應以甚麼基礎、站在甚麼位置作回應?我們又期望教會領袖如何履行教會的社會使命、實行愛德?我們又應以甚麼態度面對教會領袖的呼籲?
有關回應爭議性事件,如居港權問題、經濟全球化帶來的影響以至對世貿的抗爭方式,以及政制改革等,我們當以基於福音精神的教會社會訓導為出發點,以重視人性尊嚴和與弱勢社群團結的原則為大前題,辨別當中涉及的倫理價值,反省自己所站的位置。有些人認為社會訓導文件艱澀難明,但其實其精神和要旨與福音如出一轍。剛踏入四旬期,是再次反省福音喜訊的時候,即耶穌基督受難、死亡和復活的意義。四旬期的道路,就是要我們透過齋戒、戒絕、祈禱、善行,把人類從不義的重軛下解放出來,從非人性的狀況中解救出來(依五十八6)。天主要求我們像先知們所說的那樣進行齋戒,即戒絕不公義的行為,戒絕我們對身邊的窮人、受苦的人及處處困境中的人的冷漠態度和視若無睹;戒絕一切自私和放肆的行為;而要全心轉向他人,聆聽有需要的人的哭泣和申訴。我們的牧者和領袖不也是要傳揚這喜訊,為人類帶來希望嗎?
至於教會領袖履行社會使命的問題,我們不期望我們的主教要像菲律賓主教般呼籲人民上街推翻獨裁政權,但正如教宗在剛頒布的通諭《天主是愛》中所言,對不公義的事情教會不可袖手旁觀。愛德要求實踐正義。一個受人尊敬和欣賞的教會領袖,除了要有深厚的屬靈氣質,從祈禱中辨別天主的旨意,好好牧養教會的羊群外,關心教會所處身的社會狀況和人民疾苦亦是責無旁貸的。因此,在有需要時為沒有權力的一群作出道德的呼喊,向當權者指出不公義的政策,向擁有社會大部份財富者指出世上資源的真正主宰和用途是理所當然的。這是愛德的具體實踐。事實上,加強教會的先知角色正是教區會議的其中一項牧民工作重點。主教不單在涉及公義和人權的問題上發言,更走進人群中親身接觸和關懷最受忽略最微小的人,包括新移民、世貿示威者;亦不厭其煩地透過各種渠道詳細論述其觀點理據,只是不少人只著眼於傳媒的一兩句引言,而忽略了他背後的動機和出發點。
筆者同意在教會內可就社會政治問題採取不同立場,亦必須有足夠的空間作討論辯論,但在表達一己意見前,必須掌握和明瞭教會在有關問題所涉及的倫理教導,以及透過祈禱作辨別。真正的祈禱能使我們更加敏感,因為天主的眼睛和天主的心,強化了我們的知覺。而主教、神父和導師均有責任向信眾講解社會訓導,指出那些有違教會重視的道德價值的不公義現象,以便教友作出辨別和判斷,勸勉信眾作自我轉化,同時參與革新社會,共同建設更合符人性尊嚴的世界。
其實,現時對陳主教言論之評價,即使在教會中,不少是取決於評論者自己的政治取向或社會位置,多於如何看一個教會領袖應肩負的角色或教會的社會使命。這裡牽涉到的問題涉及幾個層次,即當富爭議性的社會事件出現時,身為基督徒的我們應以甚麼基礎、站在甚麼位置作回應?我們又期望教會領袖如何履行教會的社會使命、實行愛德?我們又應以甚麼態度面對教會領袖的呼籲?
有關回應爭議性事件,如居港權問題、經濟全球化帶來的影響以至對世貿的抗爭方式,以及政制改革等,我們當以基於福音精神的教會社會訓導為出發點,以重視人性尊嚴和與弱勢社群團結的原則為大前題,辨別當中涉及的倫理價值,反省自己所站的位置。有些人認為社會訓導文件艱澀難明,但其實其精神和要旨與福音如出一轍。剛踏入四旬期,是再次反省福音喜訊的時候,即耶穌基督受難、死亡和復活的意義。四旬期的道路,就是要我們透過齋戒、戒絕、祈禱、善行,把人類從不義的重軛下解放出來,從非人性的狀況中解救出來(依五十八6)。天主要求我們像先知們所說的那樣進行齋戒,即戒絕不公義的行為,戒絕我們對身邊的窮人、受苦的人及處處困境中的人的冷漠態度和視若無睹;戒絕一切自私和放肆的行為;而要全心轉向他人,聆聽有需要的人的哭泣和申訴。我們的牧者和領袖不也是要傳揚這喜訊,為人類帶來希望嗎?
至於教會領袖履行社會使命的問題,我們不期望我們的主教要像菲律賓主教般呼籲人民上街推翻獨裁政權,但正如教宗在剛頒布的通諭《天主是愛》中所言,對不公義的事情教會不可袖手旁觀。愛德要求實踐正義。一個受人尊敬和欣賞的教會領袖,除了要有深厚的屬靈氣質,從祈禱中辨別天主的旨意,好好牧養教會的羊群外,關心教會所處身的社會狀況和人民疾苦亦是責無旁貸的。因此,在有需要時為沒有權力的一群作出道德的呼喊,向當權者指出不公義的政策,向擁有社會大部份財富者指出世上資源的真正主宰和用途是理所當然的。這是愛德的具體實踐。事實上,加強教會的先知角色正是教區會議的其中一項牧民工作重點。主教不單在涉及公義和人權的問題上發言,更走進人群中親身接觸和關懷最受忽略最微小的人,包括新移民、世貿示威者;亦不厭其煩地透過各種渠道詳細論述其觀點理據,只是不少人只著眼於傳媒的一兩句引言,而忽略了他背後的動機和出發點。
筆者同意在教會內可就社會政治問題採取不同立場,亦必須有足夠的空間作討論辯論,但在表達一己意見前,必須掌握和明瞭教會在有關問題所涉及的倫理教導,以及透過祈禱作辨別。真正的祈禱能使我們更加敏感,因為天主的眼睛和天主的心,強化了我們的知覺。而主教、神父和導師均有責任向信眾講解社會訓導,指出那些有違教會重視的道德價值的不公義現象,以便教友作出辨別和判斷,勸勉信眾作自我轉化,同時參與革新社會,共同建設更合符人性尊嚴的世界。
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